Chemical Reactions That Form The Earth

 

Earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago. Scientists thought the planets formed from the solar nebula. This is a process where matter gathered into clouds that began to condense and rotates, creating galaxy byproducts. So, pressure differences in galaxies have caused gas and dust to form distinct clouds. The gas mainly contains Hydrogen and Helium. There was sufficient mass and the appropriate forces, forced the cloud to suddenly fall down by gravitational attraction. As there was enough compression of the mass of material in the cloud, nuclear reactions started and a star was formed. A certain proportion of stars formed in the center of a flattened rotating disk of material. The gas and dust within this disk collided and combined into small grains in the case of our sun, and the grains formed into larger bodies as very small Planets. This process is called accretion. Several of which exceeded several 100Km in diameter. The planets formed with high melting points metals such as iron, nickel, aluminum, and rocky silicates. The compounds are quite rare. The Earth is having three atmospheres. The first atmosphere was made up of light elements from the solar nebula, mainly hydrogen and helium. This atmosphere may have been powered out by a mixture of solar wind and Earth's heat, as a result of which the atmosphere is now decreased of these elements compared to cosmic concentrations. There were regular meteor collisions and a choking atmosphere of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. There were also quantities of methane, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. It was a wildly uninhabitable place in the early decades. There was no oxygen. There were frequent collisions with other structures that resulted in massive volcanism, half of the Planet was molten at that time. The Moon is assumed to have been formed by a massive impact collision with a planet-sized body called Theia. The molten Earth emitted poisonous gases during the collision that formed the Moon and later more gases were released by volcanoes, completing a second atmosphere that is high in greenhouse gases because of carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia. The average temperature of the Earth's surface will be approximately −18 °C (0 °F) without greenhouse gases, rather than the actual average of 15 °C (59 °F). The planet's rapid outgassing released huge amounts of water from the mantle, producing the oceans and the hydrological cycle. The acids that were found in the atmosphere eroded rocks, creating rocks that were high in carbonate. The high volcanic activity on Earth may have released sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere between 3.9 and 4 billion years ago. The sulfur would finally have settled as sulfidic anions in water. The level of carbon dioxide decreased when more water evaporated, the atmosphere warmed, and the hydrologic cycle became more intense, increasing rainfall and runoff. The atmospheric carbon dioxide combined with rainwater to produce drainage of carbonic acid, exposing minerals to weathering in the soil. Silicate minerals that were in the atmosphere mixed with carbon, absorbing it in sedimentary rocks. Photosynthesizing microorganisms, such as phytoplankton may slowly extracting carbon dioxide from the air and seas by turning it into calcium carbonate sediments. The Bacteria may raise the carbon dioxide level in soils by breaking down organic matter and creating humic acid. The two-process may increase weathering and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Finally, in the third atmosphere, there is a high oxygen level. Oxygen is produced from algae in the oceans. But because this gas is extremely reactive and because in the oceans there were many reduced minerals like iron that are rapidly oxidized. Carbon combines with nitrogen to form Hydrogen cyanide. The cyanide had rained down into pools about 3.8 billion years ago, combined with metals, evaporated, baked, and exposed to ultraviolet radiation, and melted into streams running down to a freshwater lake. The chemicals formed there from the cyanide reactions combined in different ways to produce lipid, nucleotide, and amino acid. Organic molecules RNA(Ribonucleic acid) had been developed that can lead to the creation of biological life that involved in protein synthesis. Hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, and ultraviolet light are able to synthesize RNA. At the moment, much of it would have been easily accessible on Earth. Hydrogen sulfide may have remained mainly in the atmosphere, instead of rising up in the water. However, those sulfidic anions could theoretically serve the same chemical function as it produces biological molecules. It may created ribonucleotides. The monomer that forms the fundamental building blocks for RNA created from ribonucleotides. This is how life may evolve on Earth. There was continuous continental drift due to volcanoes in sea level that created continents. The plates are moving because lava is created and creates pressure to the rift.